Consumer Buying Process

Consumer Buying Process A vast number of existing formulations of consumer decision making assume that consumers go through a specified succession of mental and behavioral stages in their decision processes as they engage in a convoluted search of the set of available alternatives to make a purchase.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Consumer Buying Process specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A widespread characteristic of many of the formulations is that they are grounded on hierarchy-of-effects models postulating that on their way from identifying the need for a particular product/service to making the actual purchase, consumers move in one direction through a given sequence which involves or incorporates a set of stages (Dellaert Haubl, 2012). The present report employs the five-stage consumer decision process to critically analyze the online buying process of an Olympus digital camera from the marketer’s point of view. First introduc ed by John Dewey in the formative years of the last century, the five-stage consumer decision process continues to take the center stage in the marketing domain as scholars and practitioners attempt to understand consumer decision making and buying processes (Tanner Raymond, 2010). The first stage – problem recognition – is undoubtedly the critical stage of consumer buying process by virtue of the fact that consumers must first recognize a need for the purchase to happen. Extant literature demonstrates that this stage of the buying process is hinged on the extent of departure from homeostasis, the balance between the consumer’s actual state of affairs and the desired end state (Tanner Raymond, 2010). In this regard, the need/problem to buy the digital camera from online sites was recognized when the departure from homeostasis was acute enough due to an oncoming holiday, and this unfulfilled need/problem required a resolution in the form of a purchase to satisf y the situation. The second stage of the five-stage consumer buying process is the information search, where consumers begin collecting information from numerous sources about the products they need using internal or external search techniques (Dellaert Haubl, 2012).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The search for the digital camera was done internally, where information about the desired digital camera models was recalled from memory and was intrinsically determined by existing knowledge about the models, along with the capacity to retrieve relevant product information from online product reviews and Websites. Based on need recognition and internal information search, it was then decided that the desired alternative models included Nikon, Sony, Philips and Olympus. It is important to illuminate the fact that it is at this stage of the process where advertisers and marketers have the opportunity to influence a customer’s purchasing decision, particularly if the customer applies the external search as it involves largely personal interaction by word-of-mouth or mass-market communication (Tanner Raymond, 2010). Evaluation of alternatives is the third stage of the five-stage consumer buying process and entails evaluating the alternatives and selecting the one that meets the consumer needs and expectations (Dellaert Haubl, 2012). In this phase of the sequence, consumers evaluate product/service benefits and drawbacks and may allocate priorities to various features and specifications to assist them select the best choice (Tanner Raymond, 2010). In this view, the criteria employed to conduct an alternative evaluation for the digital camera included price considerations, brand name and reputation, gadget specifications, quality, country of origin as well as the location convenience of the online sellers’ eBay, Buy.com, CeX and SiteS ell. It is important to note that some dimensions, such as price, quality and brand name, had a greater impact than other presumably contingent dimensions during the evaluation of the mentioned alternatives. Overall, the Olympus digital camera topped the list of alternatives based on the mentioned criteria The fourth stage of the consumer decision/buying process is the purchase decision, which is initiated after the consumer has carefully reflected on all of the factors relating to the product, and has shopped around for the best option based on need/expectations and if the product will solve their problem (Dellaert Haubl, 2012).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Consumer Buying Process specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Extant literature identifies three purchase decision categories that consumers usually follow – fully planned purchase (both product/service and brand are selected prior to visiting the store), partially planned purchase (consumer makes an intention to purchase the product/service but brand selection is delayed pending shopping) and impulse purchase (consumer selects both the product/service and brand upon visiting the store) (Tanner Raymond, 2010). A fully planned purchase of Olympus digital camera was made at eBay since the product and brand had already been decided prior to visiting the eBay site to make the purchase. The choice of eBay was due to contingent and situational considerations, including convenient delivery, onsite product promotion and huge discounts. The concluding stage of the buying process is the post-purchase evaluation of the purchasing decision, during which consumers not only deliberate their experience after the purchase but also attempt to establish if their purchasing decision was the right one (Tanner Raymond, 2010). The Olympus digital camera was deeply satisfying due to its elaborate features and quality, but also due to the fact that collea gues and friends fell in love with the gadget during the holidays. Advertisers and marketers may use such elicitation of positive results with a particular product/service to influence consumers decision/buying process for future similar purchases, particularly at the phases of problem recognition and information search (Tanner Raymond, 2010). References Dellaert, B.G.C., Haubl, G. (2012). Searching in choice mode: Consumer decision processes in product search with recommendations. Journal of Marketing Research, 49(2), 277-288. Tanner, J., Raymond, M.A. (2010). Principles of Marketing. New York, NY: Flat World Knowledge, Inc.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More

Geography of Pakistans Provinces and Capital Territory

Geography of Pakistan's Provinces and Capital Territory Pakistan is a country located in the Middle East near the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman. The country is known as having the sixth largest population in the world and the second largest Muslim population in the world after Indonesia, is a developing nation with an underdeveloped economy and it has a hot desert climate combined with cold mountainous areas. Most recently, Pakistan has experienced severe flooding that has displaced millions and destroyed a large part of its infrastructure. The country of Pakistan is divided into four provinces and one capital territory for local administration (as well as several federally administered tribal areas). The following is a list of Pakistans provinces and territory, arranged by land area. For reference, population and capital cities have also been included. Capital Territory 1) Islamabad Capital Territory Land Area: 906 sq kmPopulation: 805,235Capital: Islamabad Provinces 1) Balochistan Land Area: 347,190 sq kmPopulation: 6,565,885Capital: Quetta 2) Punjab Land Area: 205,345 sq kmPopulation: 73,621,290Capital: Lahore 3) Sindh Land Area: 140,914 sq kmPopulation: 30,439,893Capital: Karachi 4) Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa Land Area: 74,521 sq kmPopulation: 17,743,645Capital: Peshawar Sources Central Intelligence Agency. (19 August 2010). CIA - The World Factbook - Pakistan. Retrieved from: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pk.html Wikipedia.org. (14 August 2010). Administrative Units of Pakistan - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_units_of_Pakistan

Quantitative Market Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Quantitative Market - Research Paper Example From an earlier interview with a small sample of customers, the same reasons were identified as possible causes for the decline in turnover (Kothari, 2008). Design Question, Aim and Objectives Due to the declining returns for Films 4 You the current study aims at finding the exact cause of the problem to provide the management with a platform from which they can address the problem. In the last 24 months, the company has witnessed a drastic decline in its return. This has resulted into a considerable concern among the stakeholders. The research design seeks to address the question of how to identify the actual cause of the decline from the two possible causes already identified. The objectives of the design are: a) To ascertain whether Films 4 you products do not match customer expectations b) to determine whether the decline in Films 4 You`s turnover arises from the fact that the competitors are attracting film 4 You customers. ... It will indicate the cause of the declining returns arising from the survey of the sample population. The design is likely to point to the failure in strategic management. a) Methodology Research Methods and Techniques Method is described as a systematic and sequentially organized approach, which is focused on data analysis in order to ensure that necessary information is generated from the data collected. The four main types of methods available to researchers include: Explicatory, Case-study, Survey, and Experimental Methods1. An experimental method is the main empirical method that would be considered in the course of this study. Research techniques are different though. They are â€Å"step-by-step procedures which you can follow in order to gather data, and analyze them for the information they contain†1. Such data may be gathered through qualitative or quantitative methods or from primary and secondary data depending on the research approach. This study will use quantitat ive research technique. Quantitative research methods were initially developed for use in natural sciences although they are now adopted and accepted for social sciences as well. They are research methods associated with number and any measurable thing, presenting the researcher with various numbers, which are presented in graphical forms, tabulations and statistics. Regression analysis will be used to analyze the relationship between the declines in Film 4 You returns against the two other variables that are: the quality of the products of the company measured in terms of meeting the customers` expectations and online rental DVD competitors winning away Film 4 You customers. Regression analysis is a statistical tool that can be employed to investigate the

U.S. based Healthcare Organization Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

U.S. based Healthcare Organization - Case Study Example long-term goals that are meant to help the people in the United States and in order to accomplish the objectives it has laid down various strategies that involve its staff and management in heading in the right direction. The United Healthcare Group is one of the leading health insurers that offer a diverse number of plans and services to individuals and group customers. This enables them to reach a wide variety of customers and their different types of needs. They are able to access services and doctors that offer high quality services that benefit their wants and needs. The United Healthcare Incorporation is ready and willing to address the healthcare needs of the citizens of the United States and has objectives aimed at efficiently benefiting them in the long term. It provides health benefits segments and plans and also Medicare, Medicaid and vision that I supplemental and dental options as well. This incorporation has come up with programs that include prevention and management of diseases such as diabetes and Hepatitis C (Holtzman, Glass, Averhoff 2012). This will prevent harmful diseases from being a crisis in the long term because they will be prevented and managed as early as now, for instanc e diabetes. It also provides a variety of cost effective managed care alternatives. These alternatives are aims at meeting the needs of organizations and fit into their budget. He broad network of contracted providers wishes to offer help to the people whether in groups, individuals or community as they also include a community plan. The community plan also has a Tenn Care Medicaid Plan that supports adults, pregnant women and children as well as the elderly and those with disabilities and meets income requirements. The United Healthcare Incorporation has various strategic plans that are aimed at promoting the incorporation’s network growth and ensuring that they continue offering the best of their services to their customers. The clients have the opportunity to

Deconstruction Of The Rationalist Philosopher Rene Descartes Philosophy Essay

Deconstruction Of The Rationalist Philosopher Rene Descartes Philosophy Essay This deconstruction of a rationalist philosopher such as Rene Descartes is influenced primarily by a heavy exposure to Nietzsche, Marx, Kierkegaard, and Foucault. Upon a personal philosophical synthesis of these philosophers to my self, a reexamination of Descartes produces astonishment that such work is considered honorable and fame-worthy. Rene Descartes is considered to be the founder of analytical geometry, as well as an important contributor to the scientific method, and finally, a philosopher. However, a philosophical scrutiny of this logician shows reveals that there is some legitimate substance lacking in his analysis and attempts to reach truth, and instead only achieves convictions. Such a realization and conclusion implores to unveil the ambiguity of Descartes philosophy and discredit him as an honorable philosopher (while not touching the mathematician). On the Begging of Questions and Initial Fallibility Rene Descartes opens his meditations by recognizing that his conceptions of the world are largely based on shaky foundations and uncertainties, and thus sets out to apply himself to the general destruction of all his former opinions. In the opening, Descartes describes the nature of the task, Now it will not be necessaryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ to prove that they [his former opinions] are all falseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ [but] the slightest ground for doubt that I find any, will suffice for me to reject all of them. (Descartes, 95) Immediately we are faced with the illegitimacy of such a claim, for it supposes that Descartes is liable to reject all which he doubts. That is, he is liable to reject some true things, and accept some false things so long as he has certainty of them and he would necessarily embrace this. Descartes uses this idea consistently when he claims that that which is known by the senses cannot be accepted as certain or true (and perhaps he is committing one of many fallacies when he implies that certainty equates truth). However, he claims that some things which are known by the senses, such as that he is holding paper, are ridiculous to doubt, for that is the kind of doubt that would have him assimilate myself to those insane persons whose mind are so troubledà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Descartes, 96) Here he most conspicuously begs the question as to what is certain and real, and thus sets the stage for a fest of question-begging which ensues for the remainder of the meditations. A side note concerning his illegitimacy is that when Descartes claims to have doubted everything, he still uses memory and language. Yet how can he trust these faculties especially if he were to apply the same reason to them as he did to his senses that it is imprudent to trust anything which has ever deceived him? Indeed, Descartes cannot doubt everything from the beginning, and for the sake of Construction accepts some premises which are likely to be faulty. (Harrison-Barbet, 127) The Dream Problem Continuing in the deconstruction, Descartes mentions a most interesting point: that there are no conclusive signs by means of which one can distinguish clearly between being awake and being asleep. (Descartes, 96) Descartes attempts to eliminate the ambiguity of what is real and not by implying that that which is doubtless in both the real world and the dream world is doubtless in itself, such as algebra, geometry, and astronomy. However, though these mathematics may appear to be true, it is still fairly uncertain which world is the real one. The Evil Genius / God Problem Descartes suddenly introduces the concept of a God. Supposing that there is a being who is all-powerful and by whom I was created and made as I am, (Descartes, 98) Descartes poses the question as to how he can be certain that that which is established, of the indubitably of mathematics, is not the object of deception by a more powerful being, and his existence and nature are of a major concern for the meditations. First, Descartes proposes the possibility that there is not a true God, who is the sovereign source of truth, but some Evil Genius, no less cunning and deceiving than powerful, who has used all his artifice to deceive me. (Descartes, 100) What Descartes means by true God is uncertain here, as is his term Evil Genius, but clearly the latter is an illusionist who is in the habit or practice of deception. Descartes supposes that this Evil Genius is all-powerful, so that if he is real, then God cannot be, and vice-versa, but simultaneously he professes that the suspension of all judgment and building up his knowledge from only that which is certain protects him from the illusions of the Evil Genius. He does not consider the rational implication that this may lead him to an infinite regress of uncertainty, as in the case of suspecting that he is suspecting something to be untrue, for this is most detrimental to the object of building a foundation and structure of certainty. The Cogito Descartes supposes that perhaps there is nothing which is certain, nor certain to exist, except his self his ego. That is, given the existence of a deceptive Evil Genius, and given that Descartes thinks, it must be logical that that which thinks must exist, and therefore, despite any deception, Descartes exists, and thus Descartes has attained a point of reference and the foundation of all of his knowledge. Firstly, however, Descartes supposes the existence of an Evil Genius, and has not refuted the possibility of an infinite regress in which it is possible that he is being deceived about the proposition that Descartes assumes to be true: that an Evil Genius exists, or he does not. There has been a great wealth of criticisms concerning Descartes cogito, that if we were to focus on this, we would be quite repetitious and dreary, and thus this essay will presume the cogito just as Descartes has that is, that he exists, with reference to a single instance of such criticism from respect: [The cogito] commits the error of circular reasoning; for the I in I am is already presupposed in the I of I think, and any necessity it possess is a matter of logic which has nothing to say about actual existent thingsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Harrison-Barbet, 126) Indeed, what has Descartes truly doubted before he makes this claim? Everything except what he needs in constructing, it seems he has already presumed an I, and besides that already has a conception of what thinking is (and necessarily what not thinking is). Indeed, Descartes has not doubted everything as he had attempted. (Nietzsche BGE, 24) This habit of not doubting everything and making leaps in logic serve very well in order to create the Cartesian Structure, which is more the goal than reaching truth, though Descartes seems to imply that a structure and Truth would be equal. The Infinite as Beyond Logic and Understanding In Meditation three, Descartes attempts to prove the existence of God, in which, according to his own logic, he is unsuccessful. One of Descartes unwritten premises is that God can be known by logic. Considering a being who is solely a creator, this may be possible, but Descartes God is characterized by being infinite. Thus the question that is most prudent to ask is if God can be known through logical means. Logically, this would mean that there is something to which God is not superior, and therefore calling him an infinite being and knowable through logic is just contradictory. What we cannot do, according to Kierkegaard, is believe by virtue of reason. If we choose faith [or belief] we must suspend our reason in order to believe in something higher than reason. (McDonald) Indeed, Kierkegaard makes a worthy reaffirmation of the futility of trying to know something which is above reason through reason. Supposing, however, that Descartes God so desires, then of course he could be known by logic indeed, but what is next to be examined is if the finite can know the nature of the infinite. Descartes has claimed the potential existence of some supreme, infinite being, and is attempting to gain knowledge about him. However, Descartes is a mortal, finite being, who cannot, without the will of God, grasp the will or nature of the infinite. By definition, even if God allowed this to him, God may have just as well disallowed this. That Descartes presumes that God is allowing himself to be known, and also that he allows himself to be known through logic is a presumption which relies heavily upon two very shaky supports: that Gods will is for himself to be understood or known, and that God is not a deceiver. It seems that it is simple for all knowledge claims to have a base which, ultimately, lies in some unproved assumption (even mathematics, according to Russell), but it is precisely Descartes unique doubting method which makes it so that we cannot grant him the benefit of the unproven assumptions which he makes. The attacks upon the knowledge of God through logic presented above can be applied to Descartes suppositious argument that his conception of God cannot have originated within himself. His claim to this argument is that he is finite, whereas God is infinite, and that the idea of something which is more real cannot originate with something which is less real. Here Descartes is not considering the alternative. That is, he is already begging the question that God exists or is real, when he should also consider that perhaps the idea of the existence of God is less real than himself. This would mean that, even according to his argument, his idea of God may be an illusion, thus making him more real and existing than God or the idea of God, whereas this idea is only an idea, and his existence is real. Therefore, he would be the creator of something more imperfect (the illusion), thus being more perfect than the idea of God, which, according to his Cartesian logic, is a legitimate argument which he has failed to consider. In considering that his idea originated from God, he is begging the question that God exists. Furthermore, Descartes claims that he cannot doubt the idea of God because he has a clear and distinct perception that it is true. Once more, despite the shakiness of the presumptions base and logic, with the proof of God, Descartes is successful at beginning to convince himself that there are some things which he can begin to believe and accept. On the Reason for Existence Now, Descartes presents a most interesting argument. He claims that he exists, and that this existence must have a cause, which may be from himself, that he has always existed, his parents, something less perfect than God, or God, and that he could exist for no other reason. (Wikipedia, argument outline) Descartes naivetà © in the matter of refuting his goals will be exploited here. Firstly, he supposes that perhaps he created himself, but refutes this by claiming that if this had been the case, he would have made himself perfect. If I were [God] I should certainly doubt nothing, I should conceive no desires, and finally I would lack no perfection of which I have in me some idea . This is a very adolescent approach to refuting this, for one may simply ask how Descartes knows the nature of God once more. Indeed, If Descartes were God and his own creator, is it not possible that he would make himself ignorant to alleviate his boredom of omniscience? Is it not possible that he would make himself believe that he is human? By Descartes definition, God can do anything he wills, and thus how can Descartes claim to know what God would like? This arrogance is mirrored in a poor refutation of his argument. Perhaps he has convinced himself that he is not God, but this refutation is a very dim one. Furthermore, how does he know the nature of perfection? Descartes is supposing that as he is right now is imperfect. He does not consider that perhaps he is a perfect being: indeed, that perhaps the consideration that he is imperfect, that he is lacking, that he is finite, and doubting everything, perhaps all are functions of perfection, including considering a wrong conception of perfection. This would make Descartes a perfect being, but nonetheless one who is confused and perhaps discontented, but Descartes fails to even consider this, instead reverting to an old idea of perfection, which by now has evolved from simply supremely existing to being doubtless and undesiring too. Descartes other sources of existence will not be refuted because they are so embarrassing, but he then wonders how, given that God exists, he received this idea. He quickly dismisses that it was created by him, begging the question, and asserts that it is an innate idea, and that it was placed there by God at birth. He gives no substance to this claim, and concludes the third meditation with a most disturbing note: that God is not a deceiver. This attempt to shed light upon the nature of God is once more an arrogant question-begging leap. Descartes claims that deception is an imperfection. How he knows this, or how he can possibly know what perfection is, he leaves uncertain and assumed once more. Apparently, it is because he has an idea of perfection, and deception is not as perfect as the absence of deception in his mind. However, it is essential to understand that this very idea is reliant on the premise that this is indeed the case. For if God is a deceiver, then he is essentially equal to the Evil Genius, and may have well placed a wrong idea of perfection in Descartes mind. Descartes claim that deception is imperfect stems from the premise that deceit stems necessarily from some defect, which is a horrendous question-begging root, for he automatically disregards any of these defects as attributes of God simply because that is the way in which he conceives of them. That is, anything which he conceives of as bad, ther efore, is bad. He doesnt question his ability to make this claim. However, this is alright for Descartes, for he is desperate to erect his structure of certainty already why not skip and ignore some steps so long as he can have certainty? On the Benevolence of God Descartes claims that God must be benevolent, and gives substance to this claim by further claiming that God cannot be a deceiver, since deception is imperfect. This idea of perfection stems from his clear and distinct ideas of perfection, which are true by virtue of all of his doubtless claims being true due to the premise that God is not a deceiver. However, Gods benevolence is dependent upon Descartes clear and distinct perceptions, which thus creates a very circular reasoning. And what of the nature of God? Can omnipotence truly coexist with omni-benevolence? Supposing, as Descartes has, that there indeed exists an infinite being who is supreme to all other things ever conceivable and existing, there arises the paradox of an infinite benevolence. Can God be both omni-benevolent and omnipotent? For indeed, if he were omni-benevolent, then he would necessarily have no capacity for malice, and thus once more not be infinite. Can it be possible that Descartes is considering that, if God should so will it, he could not express pure malice? Is God thus limited? Is he then still an infinite God? Perhaps his idea of benevolence was instead opposite to perfection, and he has just proved the existence of the Evil Genius? These utterly absurd assumptions which the finite mortal being Descartes attempts to make about the nature of God are truly disturbing. Indeed, even through logic, what is understandable about God is that we may be wrong in all of our conceptions of him, but we may also be right in some. Indeed, Descartes miserably failed to examine that nothing can be certain about that which is more infinite than our finite understandings. Thus, the premise of the omni-benevolence of God which Descartes claims through his circular reasoning will not be granted to him, and anything further built upon the expectations that all of his clear and distinct ideas are true, and that God is not a deceiver, are built on top of such a shaky foundation that will be considered as unreliable sources of truth and reason. Thus, we have the possibility that God is indeed a deceiver, and both the deconstruction and the early reconstruction will be reexamined. The Evil Genius / God Problem Reexamined Descartes early doubts concerning the Evil Genius and God reappear, and the concept that the Evil Genius and God are the same is a possibility, though it must be admitted, that this is rather unknown. Indeed then, Descartes was correct in doubting everything, for indeed, everything may be a deception and an illusion, and everything he may seem to know has the potential to be false. (The Radical Academy) The Dream Problem Reexamined When considering that God/Evil Genius may be real and existing, and possibly deceiving, the Dream Problem is given a whole new perspective. Indeed, even the things which are true in both the real world and the dream world, such as mathematics, may be deceptions created and placed into Descartes mind by this infinite being. This would mean that Descartes would truly have no knowledge of what is real and what is a dream, if even his conceptions of real and dream are legitimate conceptions in the first place. This leads us to Descartes most genuine statement from the beginning of his treatise, that [maybe] there is nothing certain in the world. (Descartes, 102) Beyond Infinity The reasons for which Descartes arguments following the establishment of the existence of an infinite being are invalid is because he constantly refers to this infinite to propagate that he cannot be wrong in what he conceives because he believe the existing God to be benevolent and not a deceiver. However, since this premise is so weak, his structures of mathematics and sciences, and then in the end senses and other bodies are so unstable that, even if true, are inconsistencies based on a weak premises which do not deserve to be examined. Descartes fails to achieve truth (but not in building a structure). Conclusion: On the Philosophy of his Mind A Structure of Secure Certainty It is most appropriate to mention an analysis of Descartes meditations and what he has achieved. Rene Descartes began his meditations by hoping to eliminate all doubt and achieve certainty. By the end of the meditations, it appears that he has done just this. However, his flaws, incessant question-begging, and absurd philosophical method have been pointed out above, thus raising the inquiry of the coexistence of the absence of doubt and truth. Descartes primary aim was to eliminate doubt, and by the very end he is shown to be doubtless indeed. However, the matter is different when concerning truth. Descartes has mentioned that in his life he has struggled to find something certain, and the Cartesian Structure which he has constructed for himself is perhaps the very thing for which he had been searching. Indeed, Descartes may now rest easily accepting that everything which he clearly and distinctly perceives is true, and that everything he considers, therefore, is essentially true for he believes that he could not be deceived. Yet this goes back to an original concern of rejecting truth or accepting untruth. By the end of the Meditations, it is clear that truth and untruth are for Descartes merely functions of what is certain and what is doubtful. That is, for him, truth or untruth is a quality which an idea gains as one is accustomed to it (such as in the Cartesian Structure), and so long as he is doubtless about it, he is living his philosophy well. Essentially what this means is that, though Descartes may fail at reaching truths logically, at least he removes doubt from himself, and may rest easily. It is for this reason that the Cartesian philosophy is one which is a philosophy solely for Descartes (and perhaps those of similar mental properties). That is, this philosophy, which is based upon comfort in certainty and anti-doubt, cannot have a universal application to all humans, but only for himself, for perhaps he alone can achieve a comfort with this exact method. Thus, Descartes reconstruction provides him with a method for removing doubt, but cannot be used by others to remove doubt, nor to reach much truth, for their psychological states vary from Descartes, who has created a system which works for himself (it is considered that this may work for some others, but these are generally not considered here, thus only slightly mentioned in these parentheses). Thus, has Descartes eliminated doubt? Indeed, yes he has, and it just so happens that he has achieved this psychological state philosophically. However, it is not a philosophical state of truth at all perhaps solely the state of potential truth. For Descartes, however, it is simpler, clearer, and more distinct to conceive of these two as synonymous as he takes a nap from six long and excruciating meditations, allowing him the luxury of defining metaphysical and epistemological as he pleases. His philosophy is essentially the propagation of his psychology in the erection of his Cartesian Structure, that this structure is the very thing necessary to discard doubt. Or in Friedrich Nietzsches words, every great philosophy so far has beenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ the personal confession of its author and a kind of involuntary unconscious memoir. (BGE, 13)

Brief In Support Of Defendant’s Motion To Dismiss

On July 2, 2003, John John, the Plaintiff, resigned from his employment at the City of Weirton. Plaintiff declared that he experienced harassment from his colleagues and from the management while working at the City of Weirton. He cited several incidences such as a fellow employee pulling down his pants and shaking his buttocks at him and the frequent summons to the office of the manager for flimsy reasons such as the tardiness of another employee or another person’s absences or being written up for no valid reason at all.As a result, he was forced to resign from employment. Plaintiff alleged that the conduct he experienced from his employer and from his colleagues forced him to resign from his employment even though that was against his will. He filed this suit for wrongful termination. Plaintiff filed this suit at the Brooke County Circuit Court. II. Standard of LawUnder Rule 12 (b) of the West Virginia Civil Rules of Procedure Every defense, in law or fact, to a claim for r elief in any pleading, whether a claim, counterclaim, cross-claim, or third-party claim, shall be asserted in the responsive pleading thereto if one is required, except that the following defenses may at the option of the pleader be made by motion: (1) lack of jurisdiction over the subject matter, (2) lack of jurisdiction over the person, (3) improper venue, (4) insufficiency of process, (5) insufficiency of service of process, (6) failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted, (7) failure to join a party under Rule 19.III. Argument a) The court should grant brief in support of motion to dismiss because the Brooke County Circuit Court is not the proper venue for this suit. The Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia has extensively answered the question of venue in a civil action in the United Bank, Inc. v. Blosser, No. 32691. Citing the  § 56-1-1 of the W. Va. Code, the Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia stated that: â€Å"a) Any civil action or other procee ding, except where it is otherwise specially provided, may hereafter be brought in the circuit court of any county: (1) Wherein any of the defendants may reside or the cause of action arose†¦Well-settled is the rule in statutory construction that when a statute is clear and unambiguous then there is no room for its interpretation. Its plain meaning should be accepted and applied without the need for interpretation. In this case, the cause of action arose in the Hancock County where the City of Weirton is located. It is there where the act of wrongful termination was committed. There could be no other venue for this wrongful termination suit except in the Hancock County. Venue relates not to jurisdiction but to trial.It touches convenience, not substance. However, the choice of venue for filing civil suits should not be left to the plaintiff’s whim and caprices. Facts such as judicial economy, proper administration of justice and the convenience of the parties must not be taken for granted since they are the reasons for which the rules of procedure and venue were formulated. In this case, since the City of Weirton is located at 200 Municipal Plaza, Weirton, West Virginia which is at Honcock County there could be no other venue except the Hancock County.B) Court should grant brief in support of Motion to Dismiss because the motion to dismiss on the ground of improper venue was timely filed pursuant to the doctrine enunciated in the case of Higgins v. Alpha Burnett (01-801) The Supreme Court of Arkansas in the case of Brenda Higgins v. Alpha Burnett, et al, Opinion delivered June 6, 2002, discussed the importance of filing the defense of improper venue at the earliest opportunity. That case involved an action for fraud and conversion filed against two defendants residing in Lonoke County. The suit was filed in Faulkner County Circuit Court.The defendants filed their answer which was generally in the nature of mere denials. They did not raise any affir mative defense of improper venue nor did they reserve the right to raise this defense. It was only after fourteen months that they filed their motion to dismiss raising as a defense improper venue. The trial court granted the motion and dismissed the suit. In reversing the trial court’s decision, the Supreme Court of Arkansas said that the defense of improper venue had been waived by the defendants when they failed to raise the same at the time they filed their responsive pleading.â€Å"Because appellees did not raise their valid defense of improper venue in the answer, or by motion filed prior to or simultaneously with the answer, we hold that the defense was waived; therefore, the case is reversed and remanded†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Ordinarily, the rules of civil procedure must be liberally construed. However, the provisions on period within which to raise certain defenses are strictly applied as they are deemed indispensable to the prevention of needless delays and they are necess ary to the speedy discharge of judicial business. In this case, the defendant has timely filed his defense of improper venue.The motion to dismiss should therefore be granted. IV. Conclusion For the foregoing reasons, defendant respectfully requests that this Court grants defendant’s motion to dismiss this suit for wrongful termination on the ground of improper venue. Following the W. Va. Code  § 56-1-1, the suit shall be filed in the county where the defendant resides or where the cause of action arose which is Hancock County where the City of Weirton is situated. CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE I hereby certify that the above Brief In Support of Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss was served upon the Plaintiff on August , 200 by mailing a true copy by certified mail to:

Military Industrial Complex Global Issue Or Exaggerated

Military-industrial complex: global issue or exaggerated? On January 17, 1961, the president of the United States of America – Dwight Eisenhower – gave his farewell speech. In this speech he addressed what he thought was a problem within the country, the military-industrial complex. He warned the people for the increasing influence of the military industry. Eisenhower said that military expenditure needed to be tightly controlled, whereas it started to grow beyond it needs. He urged the people to ‘accept the need for a large military infrastructure, oppose profiteering, support international cooperation, and ensure that their chosen representatives possessed the capability to engage in this delicate balancing act’ (Janiewski 2011, p.684). Chosen representatives should withhold military contractors to exploit the industry for personal gains. Economic gains should not be the reason for investments in the military, necessity should be. 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